Finding Suggests Zika Virus Can Move From Mother to Child During Pregnancy

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In a finding that suggests the Zika virus can move from a pregnant woman to her unborn child, Brazilian researchers report the virus was present in the amniotic fluid of two women whose infants were diagnosed with the birth defect microcephaly.

The discovery adds to growing evidence that the Zika virus might be behind a recent surge in the number of babies born in Brazil with microcephaly, which leads to abnormally small heads and possible brain damage.

“Previous studies have identified Zika virus in the saliva, breast milk and urine of mothers and their newborn babies, after having given birth,” said study author Dr. Ana de Filippis, from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute in Rio de Janeiro. “This study reports details of the Zika virus being identified directly in the amniotic fluid of a woman during her pregnancy, suggesting that the virus could cross the placental barrier and potentially infect the fetus.”

Reporting in the Feb. 17 issue of The Lancet Infectious Diseases, the researchers explained that the amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the fetus while developing in the mother’s uterus. The placental barrier regulates which substances cross from mother to child.

But de Filippis stressed that the latest discovery does not prove that the Zika virus caused microcephaly in the two Brazilian infants in the study.

“Until we understand the biological mechanism linking Zika virus to microcephaly, we cannot be certain that one causes the other, and further research is urgently needed,” de Filippis said in a journal news release.

It’s believed there have been more than 4,100 suspected or confirmed cases of microcephaly in Brazil, the epicenter of the outbreak.

In other developments, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday moved to protect the U.S. blood supply by saying that people who’ve traveled to places where the Zika virus is prevalent, or who have symptoms that suggest infection, should wait a month before donating blood.

Four weeks is enough time for the virus to pass through a person’s system, the agency said.

According to the FDA, people considered to be at risk for Zika include those who have:

• Traveled to areas with active transmission of Zika virus during the past four weeks. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now lists 30 countries and territories in Latin America and the Caribbean as places with active Zika infection.
• Engaged in sexual contact with a person who has traveled to, or resided in, an area with active Zika virus transmission during the prior three months.
• Developed symptoms suggestive of Zika virus infection during the past four weeks.

“The FDA has critical responsibilities in outbreak situations and has been working rapidly to take important steps to respond to the emerging Zika virus outbreak,” Dr. Luciana Borio, the FDA’s acting chief scientist, said in an agency news release.

There have been no reports to date of Zika virus entering the U.S. blood supply, the FDA said. But, the risk of blood transmission is considered likely based on the most current scientific evidence of how Zika and similar viruses are spread.

About four out of five people infected with Zika virus do not become ill, which makes it tougher to determine whose blood might carry the pathogen, the agency noted.

The FDA announcement followed a similar move by the American Red Cross last week, in which the organization asked potential blood donors who have traveled to Zika-affected areas to wait 28 days before giving blood.

Zika has not yet emerged in the United States, but the recommendations issued by the FDA also cover that eventuality.

The agency recommends that if an area in the country develops active Zika virus transmission, then whole blood and blood components for transfusion should be brought in from elsewhere in the United States. Blood donation centers in Zika-affected areas may continue collecting and preparing platelets and plasma if an FDA-approved, pathogen-reduction device is used.

The FDA plans to follow up these recommendations with further guidance that will address appropriate donor deferral measures for human cells, tissues and cellular and tissue-based products, given recent reports of sexual transmission of the virus.

The Zika virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947, and until last year was not thought to pose serious health risks.

But the increase in both cases and birth defects in Brazil in the past year has prompted health officials to reassess their thinking about Zika and pregnant women.

The World Health Organization now estimates there could be up to 4 million cases of Zika in the Americas in the next year.

The FDA is also prioritizing the development of blood screening and diagnostic tests that may help identify the presence of the virus.

The agency said it is also preparing to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of vaccines and medicines that might be developed to battle Zika, and reviewing technology that may help suppress populations of the mosquitoes that can spread the virus.

More information

For more information on Zika virus, and where the virus is endemic, head to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Source: HealthDay

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